Thursday, December 28, 2017

Restraints - How did that happen?

As we review how  people were treated in asylums in the late 18th century and early 19th century, it  is easy in hindsight  to condemn their psychiatric "treatments" and practices.

Yet, how does anyone justify doing things TO people, against their will? Cartesian philosophy helps  explain the reasoning for these  kinds of treatments. Rene  Descartes was a French  Philosopher who lived  from 1596-1650,  a fuller explanation of his work can  be found here. Information on Descartes
The quick version is that Descartes believed that the ability to reason  separated us (humans) from  animals, so if  people were  unable to reason,  then they were to be treated like animals. 

The justification was that the people with  reason (aka the people in power -- The Superintendents Association) felt that they were doing what was best for everyone - controlling people with mental illness (and others who  did not have any disability,but were just interned in asylums). 

Do you see this happening today? Do things happen to people "for their own  good," yet may not feel like it is what is best for them?  Answer these questions, and  give specific examples and then respond to  at least 3 of your classmates' replies. 

50 comments:

  1. I see this happening to people all of the time, it seems like it is always on the news. An example of when someone was mistreated for their own good is unfortunate events that took place in September 2014 at Riverview Psychiatric Center to Arlene Edson. She had conducted defiant behavior by stripping her clothes off while in her room, and then proceeding to throw the clothes out of her room and then kick the walls (no holes were made). "For her own good" she was covered in pepper spray and then put in a five point restraint for over 3 hours without be attended to (this is of course against medical procedure). These acts were committed by an officer on duty who had been called in because of Edson's "defiant behavior". (Read all about here: http://www.pressherald.com/2014/09/21/at-state-run-riverview-danger-and-dysfunction-pervasive/)

    In June of 2012 Darren Rainey was an inmate at Dad Correctional Institution in South Florida, serving a a 2 year sentence for possession of cocaine. Rainey had schizophrenia. He had defecated in his cell and smeared it all over himself and the cell walls. "For his own good" he was dragged from his cell to the shower and locked in until he cleaned himself. The water temperatures were reported to possibly be as high as 180 degrees. He refused to stand under the water and clean himself, and inmates could hear him screaming. He was left for two hours and was found by guards dead, his skin appearing reddened and "slipping off" in certain spots. The guards were not found responsible, and it has since been reported that Rainey died because of a heart condition he had which was attributed to him having schizophrenia.

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    1. The behaviors of some staff and officers is honestly terrifying but it happens all too often. When thinking about similar situations that happened like the one you stated in the prison you realize how officers let the power go to their head and can no longer remember that these people they're caring for are humans, not monsters.

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    2. WOW what a horrible way of treating this poop man. It happens all too often that guards are not held responsible. I think that this also brings up the important topic of the lack of training the guards receive because they should be educated on their people in their prisons.

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    3. These are very sad, but good examples. The actions of these people in charge at the institution and correctional facility are just crazy. They truly must be in such a hateful, punishment geared mindset that they cannot even stop and think about how wrong their actions are. I believe that they should be held accountable for their actions and be educated in how to correctly deal with these circumstances.

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    4. I really liked the examples you chose. I had previously heard about that incident at Riverview Psychiatric Center. But each time I read an article like this, I am still shocked at how patients continually are abused and mistreated today. I think that Katelyn made a good point about the lack of training the guards.

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    5. I enjoyed both of the examples that you used because I am a bit familiar with both of them. With the first example I think this was the incident that caused the facility to get rid of the officers on the unit (even with the lower units), and they have certain staff that they prefer to have during STAT calls (the staff that are great in de-escalation).
      With the second example I remember that the guards were not held responsible, but weren't some of the higher ups fired for this case? I can't remember exactly what happened but I remember reading this one with you!

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  2. (Read more here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/03/20/an-inmate-died-after-being-locked-in-a-scalding-shower-for-two-hours-his-guards-wont-be-charged/?utm_term=.a2ce5418dae4)

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  3. It is most definitely happening today. I have to take MANDT class for work and every year they tell this story of a young girl named Angelica approximately age 10 who was in an asylum. On her birthday they gave her cake and chocolate milk with a straw, and like any 10 year old would do she starts blowing bubbles in her chocolate milk. Then the staff at the hospital took the chocolate milk away and put her into a chair that was too big in a padded room and she started swinging her feet in the chair because her feet could not touch the ground. Then the staff proceeds to restrain the young girl and she is unable to breath due to too many staff being on top of her and in the end she suffocates to death. This happened only 10 or so years ago, the staff might have thought she was causing trouble when she was simply being a child.

    Similar incidences have happened frequently over the past 15 years. A 13 year old in 2004 who was diagnosed with MR and autism was able to be restrained for up to 100 minutes a day, and on the day of her death 3 staff members restrained her and put her on the floor into a prone position. Over the next half an hour she struggled for breath until she stopped moving.

    In 2015 a teenager named Justin lived in a group home and one day he got angry and started going at staff members. Then he fell to the ground once the staff members got a hold of him and he rubbed his face on the carpet until it was raw. He was kept there until he stopped moving entirely.

    Sometimes the people in charge might think they're doing the best for the people they are caring for, but they might be doing a lot more harm than necessary. This is why continued education and trainings for staff need to be continually updated and implemented. For example some agencies around the state are moving away from the MANDT system and moving more towards Safety Care in order to keep their clients safe in all situations without the use of restraints unless absolutely necessary.

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2720475/
    https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/12/10/teens-death-raises-questions-about-secrecy-surrounding-kids-in-care.html

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    1. In many situations, it seems like there is not enough training available or beneficial training available. Sometimes, trainings can seem like something to check off of a to-do list, rather than a necessary task that needs to be completed. I also believe there are people who go to school and get a degree to work in the human services field, but realize too late that they just are not the right person for the job.

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    2. I think examples of kids and teenagers dying because of somebody doing something for "their own good" is more emotional than any other examples. Kids rely on adults to handle them with care, to make sure that they are safe, and to actually do things that are for their own good. I also think that these "horror" stories make it more difficult for parents to seek help for their children because they worry that something like this may happen to their family.

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    3. I feel like it is too easy for staff to forget their moral ethics when their over worked and underpaid they are not properly trained. We should be rehabilitating them to help them fit into a world that is not designed for them not punishing them for being different.

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    4. We also have to do MANDT for m agency (despite being a 100% hands free agency unless it is in the treatment plans), but they have never discussed the consequences of restraints that have gone wrong. I have also noticed that some local agencies are no longer doing the MANDT training and are moving to the Safety Care program. Sometimes our agency just treats it like another check on the box because it is mandated by the state instead of wanting to teach successful de-escalation techniques.

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  4. Yes, sadly I see this happening today. I think it happens a lot with police officers being too aggressive while arresting someone, especially people with disabilities. Police officers justify the arrest by using the terms “for their own good” or “for their safety,” yet some victims have died during the process of police custody. For example, Tanisha Anderson’s mother called the police when she was having “a mental health episode” but while police were trying to take her to the hospital she struggled and ended up passing away. Reports I found said police slammed her to the ground and put a knee on her back.

    A similar situation happened with Shereese Francis, her parents called because they felt she needed medical attention because she had schizophrenia and stopped taking her medication. She refused to go to the hospital voluntary and according to reports she tried to leave her room against the will of the officers so the four officers tackled her to the bed and used a Taser on her until she stopped moving. She was pronounced dead at the hospital. I think in both these situations parents felt forcing their child to go to the hospital would be “for their own good.” Obviously they did not think it would end in death, it shouldn’t have. The force from police officers was clearly too much.

    I found these stories from this link if anyone wants to read more. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/13/black-womens-lives-matter-police-shootings_n_6644276.html

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    1. I have seen several cases of this happening to people with disabilities, and I think that in most cases it can be attributed to lack of knowledge/education on the matter of helping somebody who has a disability, especially if it is significant. I think in many situations too, due to the intense training police officers go through, it is difficult when they have to take somebody into custody who doesn't have a full understanding of the "norms" of being taken into custody. It is so unfortunate that it happens, so often and I truly think more education should be mandatory for police officers in training, in the event that they have an issue with taking somebody who has a significant disability into custody.

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    2. I agree, they do have a lack of knowledge and/or education when it comes to helping someone who was a disability. Though there is a lack of information, I have recently attended a conference on autism where one of the guest speakers talked about how he goes around to many police stations and taught them how they should help someone who has autism. I thought this was a great thing for him to do and many stations should do the same to expand their knowledge and give them different techniques to help not only for people who have a disability but also for the people who do not.

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    3. I agree that there needs to be more education for people who are handling members of the public.

      I was told this story of a staff and client out at the movies and after the movie the client was frustrated the movie was over and the employees at the theater called the cops. The cops put the client on his stomach and he suffocated to death because he had a large tongue from Downs Syndrome. If they had known that he would suffocate if put on his stomach then they likely would not have made that fatal decision.

      Training in how to deal with people with disabilities and other types of populations needs to be mandatory to be working with the public in any aspect. People need to know how to handle the public!

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    4. I think that parents are also scared of their child being different. There is a learning curve for educating parents and it can be very challenging. Police follow a certain protocall that is for the safety of them and others. Education is also very important for individuals to help other.

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    5. Katelyn, I really like that idea, parents definitely want whats best for their children and I think a lot of parents use that term "normal life" and I think some will do whatever it to make that child "normal" even if its not what is best for the child. The article said police had the proper training. I wonder what training looks like for police, because it clearly doesn't seem like its working.

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    6. I think you were really catching onto something about the police officers training and what that may look like and what may need to be changed about .I also really like what you had to say about the parents and wanting the best for their kids. But there is also that side of not every child is going to act the same or even be the same way.

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  5. Unfortunately, you can see this happening today. Sometimes the case it that people actually think that they know what is good and can help people and other times I think that people do things knowing that it may not end well.

    In 2009, during a schizophrenic attack, three guards at a facility that treats the mentally ill in the justice system determined that the best action for 23 year old Joshua Messier was to forcefully strap him to his bed. This lead to him suffering from heart failure and dying. The guards used the technique called “suitcasing,” which is banned in Massachusetts prisons because it can cause suffocation. This technique is where someone pushes down on a person’s back, forcing their chest toward their knees. The ambulance was called after a nurse found Messier strapped to the bed with his face turning blue. At the same time six guards were standing around “apparently unaware that he had stopped breathing.” The guards were brought to court and found not guilty of manslaughter.
    https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/02/16/homicide-bridgewater-state-hospital-raises-profound-questions-about-care-for-mentally-ill/TqgMJdNZ8SPjLcFQ6hRkTN/story.html

    In 2015, a 25 year old male was pursued by police on foot, the reason for the pursuit was unclear. He was finally caught, handcuffed, and thrown into a police car. During this ordeal he sustained an injury to his spine. His spine was found to be 80% severed at his neck while in police custody. He was restrained for his safety and the safety of the police, however, somehow his safety was still compromised. Later in the investigation a body cam video was reviewed and it was found that police dragged this man and proceeded to throw him head first into the back of the cop car while handcuffed. He later “lapsed into a coma, died, was resuscitated, stayed in a coma” and then died a week later.
    https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/healthy-baltimore-man-dies-after-being-restrained-police-n344506

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  6. I am surprised that restraints are used so often, still in this day and age. Maybe it is because, in the present so many people are focused on being in control. Either way, it is still surprising to me.

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    1. We see stories like this all the time, where the police have gone too far and hurt someone or ended a life while on duty. I think that people in power, especially police, don't always use their power for the good of the people. With mental illness, I blame a lot of the violence on lack of education.

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    2. I agree with Mariah. It seems like the stories are endless when it comes to abuse and death as a result of the use of restraints. So why are they still so commonly used today? Restraints are not the only option. There are many different ways to de-escalate a situation and maintain safety for all parties involved. I agree with Gabby as well, there is a lack of training and education for staff on how to safely and ethically interact with patients with mental illnesses.

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    3. I think that there will always be a situation where a person believes they are "higher on the totum" pole than others and will always use that to their "advantage" rather than thinking of what it would be like to be that person with the mental illness. Although, looking at it from both standpoints there is a lot of stigma that comes with both sides. For the person with a mental illness; they might be able to de-escalate themselves on their own terms when society believes in the worse case that it's not possible. For those working at a "higher power" the stigma lies within the idea that they are always agressive and aren't educated in terms of handling a situation that involves someone with a mental illness.

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  7. I think it is very present that there is controlling figures in power. I know lots of stories about domestic abuse and how the abuser said that it was for the victims own good. Perpetrators sometimes threaten the victim saying that no one will love them and by controlling and isolating the victim, they are being protected.

    I saw a story from the UK that happened this month. A woman named Claire was in an abusive and controlling marriage (there isn't much about what kind of abuse or the back story) and eventually got a divorce. The courts determined that the father still had rights to see their two sons. One day after school he picked them up and brought them to his house, sent them up to the attic and set the house on fire. Both of the boys died but the oldest told police that it was his father who started the fire and he did it on purpose. The father died as well.

    Sometimes ending a life is "for their own good" like when they have a terminal illness and do not want to be in pain. But there are lots of people who lose their lives "for their own good" because of abuse, or disabilities, or mental health. There are ways we are getting better in the mental health system but many ways it can improve.

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    1. Your examples are really good! I didn't think of those when I was writing my response, so I'm glad I get to see different views! I think that the topic of ending a life when it comes to a terminal illness or pain is a very interesting idea. I also think that it's been a hot topic over the years with physician assisted suicides being a controversial topic. In my opinion I think that as long as the person who is ill or in pain gets to decide their fate, they should be allowed to decide if they live or die.

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    2. I liked your example it shows a different aspect that wasn't talked about previously. I think it's important to show other types of reasons someone might do it "for their own good" and it gives you a different perspective to think from.

      That reminds me of something that happened recently around here back maybe 6 months ago. This woman was trying to move out of her house and brought her son to help her move out and when they got there her ex shot her and their son, and then turned the gun on himself.

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    3. I liked this example too. We talked a lot in our trauma class how parents still could have visitation rights to children even if there was abuse as long as the abuse wasn't directly done on the children. Stuff like this needs to change I mean even if the abuse wasn't physical I am sure there is emotional toll on the child. Some people are so caught up that it is important for children to have a relationship with both their parents they forget what an impact those relationships might have if parents are not in a good state of mind.

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    4. I really like your examples, it really came out and opened my eyes to a different side of things happening to that person for their own good. It may seem to that person who may be getting abused that how to get out of those situations may be used for their own good.

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  8. I believe that it is still happening today, whether it should be or not. There are many stories about how someone was restrained "for their own good" and ended up passing away. And not all of them will make the news to make others aware of what is going on around them.

    I stories that I have read was about schools where children with disabilities have died due to the lack of knowledge from the teachers. In Kentucky there was a young boy who had autism and was placed in a sensory bag because he was swinging a chair around. This was done by the teacher's aid, the boy was still in the bag when the mother came to get him and she was heartbroken when she found out that her son was in that bag.

    Another story that I had read was in 2012 a 16 year old boy passed while a teacher held him face down because he reportedly did not want to leave the basketball court. There were also witnesses that had told the mother the boy told the teacher that he was unable to breathe but their only response was "if you can talk, you can breathe".

    There needs to be more training for teachers to be able to handle situations where the child is out of hand. About 30 states have laws about restraining children safely but they all have loopholes to restrain with little limitation. If someone could come up with a safe alternative for restrain someone without harming them we would have less deaths in the mental health world.

    I found these stories at http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/death-school-parents-protest-dangerous-discipline-autistic-disabled/story?id=17702216

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    1. It's interesting, many of the stories that we have written about has had the theme of lack of knowledge. You talked about the lack of knowledge of the teacher in your first example and in mine there was a lack of knowledge in the guards. I wonder how these outcomes would change if these people who are dealing with people with special needs had the proper training.

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    2. I've never heard of anything like this so it's interesting to read in our discussion. It's scary knowing that teachers out there are treating children like that when their job is to teach and protect. I don't see why restraining a child is for their good, if anything it would traumatize them and cause them to act out more. I agree with you on having more education for teachers working with special needs students and creating a safe way to protect them from hurting themselves or others.

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    3. It's so sad hearing stories like this about children. I am starting my internship soon at a school for children with disabilities and I will be getting trained in restraints. I don't really like the idea of having to do that to a child. I think that will be a challenge for me and I hope its something I do not have to do. The good thing is the school does a really good job training the staff. I think general ed public school teachers do not get enough special education training and I think it's important because the classes are usually inclusive, however, the real problem is that there aren't enough supports for those teachers. We need more trained ed techs in classrooms.

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    4. It is so sad that there is such a lack of education for these teachers. Meaning education in how to calm down, not restrain students. I completely agree with you that there should be an alternative to restraint, to lower the harm and death in the mental health world.

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    5. I also have never heard of such extreme cases like these happening in a school setting. I think Mariah made a really good point. Yes we can train staff members how to properly use restraints, but it serves no purpose if the facility is understaffed and do not have adequate support to carry out restraints or other de-escalating techniques.

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  9. I think that we have seen throughout history when people have a lack of knowledge for a new situation they tend to follow the persons ideas who seem most confident in their treatment. People can easily forget ethics when you take away a persons humanity. It takes a strong person to change the peoples ideas like Dorthy Dix did.
    In my other class that I am taking we are discussing juveniles being sentenced to life in adult prisons when they didn't commit the crime as adults. The rationality of it is that they're too dangerous for society and it's for their own good. But how can it be for the own good to be with dangerous adults and loosing any potential chance to fit in with society? Many of these behaviors have been modeled for them and even more struggle from mental disabilities. The juvenile justice system has much more to learn about how to appropriately take care of these kids in a way that is to their benefit. There are too many people taking the easy way out when it comes to educating children on how to properly function in society.

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    1. I like your example of juveniles being tried as adults for the crimes they committed. I agree that it's not safe to put someone younger than 18 in a prison system with adults because that young person would just continue a life of crime. Punishment is necessary for lots of crimes, but separating children and adults should be enforced.

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    2. I really agree with what you are saying in this. I myself am one to want to stand up for juvenile delinquents and I don't think for their own good it is worth it for them to sentenced to life in adult prison for their own good when they committed the crime before becoming an adult.

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    3. This is a very good point. I completely agree with the separation of adults and teenagers/children. They should not be put into the same prisons. They have now lost the chance to try and turn their life around. I believe that in going to these prisons they most likely will be taught even more harmful behaviors and have no chance to grow as a person and try and have a real life once they become an adult. I think it is important to assess the situation much more in depth. Like you mentioned, the behaviors that they are being punished for might just be all they know from setting they grew up in.

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    4. I agree it makes no sense to put juveniles in adult prisons because its "for their own good", more like for the rest of the population's "safety". They'll have to fight to survive with worse adult criminals that may target them for violence. Also if juveniles are stuck in prison for the better half of their lives, they won't be able to adjust to outside society because it will be completely foreign to them by that point.

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  10. I think that it is still very present and happens in our society today. People use restraints on people with disabilities and even in our legal systems. Restraints are often used to help and try to de-escalate a person. In schools or other environments as so restraints can be used on a student/child to help and try to calm them down. it is also seen in nursing homes that there is physical restraints being used. Trying exclaim this and say that these types of things happen for their own good. Where I do not see it as that in a way because sometimes its not beneficial to that person. It is them being held against their own will upon of which seem to others around them that it is for the best, but in reality it can only lead to them possibly acting out even more.

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  11. Unfortunately this is still very present today. There are so many extremely sad stories out there. It seems as if a care taker or police officer saying "it is for their own good" justifies anything that has taken place.

    I have read many articles, but I simply could not pick just one or two to describe. There have been police beating and restraining, then ultimately killing mentally diabled people "for the safety of everyone around them" the police would describe. However, everyone else that witnessed what had happened would say the person in question was not causing any trouble and only became agitated when police came after them.

    I believe that the restraint of another person, disabled or not, is simply uncalled for in almost all circumstances. There are so many better ways to de-escalate a person and situation.


    This hot button issue has improved in some situations. I have read articles of justice being served when this takes place as well. However, we still have a long way to go so that people with disabilities stop being treated like animals and more like humans.

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    1. It is very alarming the amount of articles there are about the mentally disabled being singled out because of their odd behavior that could be handled better from a caregiver if given the chance to intervene. And sadly, you make a good point about society treating them as animals then humans because they can't communicate as efficiently.

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  12. Yes, we definitely still see this happening still today. It is unfortunate, but there is still mistreatment and abuse of patients in psychiatric facilities today. I read an online news article about a family suing Laurel Heights psychiatric hospital in Georgia over the wrongful death of Austin, their 19-year-old son with autism. This event took place in November of 2016. Hospital staff restrained Austin by straddling his midsection and sitting on him, as well as sitting on Austin's back as he lay face down on the ground while his arms were held above his head. After nine minutes of restraining, staff got off of Austin and flipped him over to find that he appeared to be unconscious. The article stated that providers do not equip their staff members with the training and tools necessary for working with individuals with mental health diagnoses. Staff members did not restrain Austin with the intent to hurt or kill him. They may have been thinking that it was "for his own good" or "for his safety" to restrain him until he was in a calmer state. Yet, Austin, and his parents, did not feel that being restrained was "for his own good/safety".

    You can read the full article here:
    http://www.11alive.com/article/news/local/holding-powerful-accountable/family-suing-over-teen-sons-death-in-psychiatric-hospital/85-499825458

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    1. I feel like it should surprise me that the staff were not trained to deal with those types of situations, but it truly does not surprise me one bit. One of the earlier posts had a similar situation about lack of training/ lack of education as well, so it does baffle me a bit that despite this being an ongoing issue that there has been nothing done to prevent these situations from happening in some facilities/agencies.

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  13. Yes, unfortunately this does continue to happen and be a issue that has not been addressed. My agency covers the MANDT "de-escalation" system. When I did my practicum I was shown the "isolation room" and the 5 point restraint chair that would be used "if necessary". However, while I was there an individual went into crisis and the staff preferred to let the individual talk with staff instead of having to use physical restraints.

    The Citizens Commission for Human Rights (CCHR) has published articles about the potential fatal consequences of physical restraints, with a specification on children. The first example is a nine year old that was killed with evidence that he was physically restrained 25 times in the 28 days before he died while he was in a psychiatric facility. No charges were filed against the facility or the staff.

    Another fatal incident occurred in a Canadian facility when a 13 year old girl was forced to lay on the floor with a bean bag chair on top of her. Staff then proceeded to sit on the beanbag until she adolescent stopped breathing. Again, charges were not filed and the death was ruled an accident.

    The publication continues with examples of deaths of adults due to restraints, and some statistics on the deaths that are caused by physical restraints.

    http://www.cchr.org/cchr-reports/deadly-restraints/introduction.html

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    1. It is unbelievable that the deaths of such young kids would be brushed off, most likely because they were in psychiatric facilities. Where are the parents or child services?
      Also talking seems like a much better method with a person in crisis then making them stay in an isolation room or be in a chair.

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  14. Restraints are commonly used as a de-escalation tactic because people aren't properly trained to talk down a person instead. Police use brute force because they are often in dangerous situations and don't have the time for a discussion. As authority figures, they demand answers and use tasers as incentive, however they will resort to restraints until severe injury occurs if necessary. A recent case in August 2017 had several officers strapping a detainee to a chair and gagging him while tazing him several times because he began to bang his head off the door. Being extremely stressed and unable to respond, the officers continue to taze him and later wait several hours before a nurse can attend to him. The explanation for the head-banging was the detainee was feeling suicidal and no psychologist or physician was notified, instead the officers felt the need to make the situation worse with unnecessary force. This act was not for "the good" of the person or the safety of the surrounding individuals.

    In November 2017, a security guard used extreme force on a patient when she became agitated and combative with staff around 4am. He threw her to the floor as well as slammed her head and threatened to break her arm if not cooperative while restraining her neck. This patient was known to have bipolar disorder and autism and had a previous encounter with the guard a few days before when she punched him in the face and broke his glasses. Many would call this incident intentional and malicious because of the past violence between the two.

    Many restraint situations are misguided and led to injury because of the miscommunication beforehand. Could the person be reasoned with if talked to in a calm tone and asked to explain their thoughts? Descartes didn't believe in giving people the chance to see reason through guidance and assistance, because treating them like animals was easier. No matter how confused or irritated a person is, they shouldn't be treated like an animal "for their own good" because that classifies as negligence of their rights as a human being.

    https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/08/02/would-you-like-to-comply-deputies-used-torture-by-tasering-a-restrained-inmate-lawyers-say/?utm_term=.1ad57000c316
    http://triblive.com/local/westmoreland/12975667-74/security-guard-charged-with-assaulting-patient-at-greensburg-hospital

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    1. I think it's very difficult to talk about brutality in the police force as a whole.. just the same as talking about people with a mental illness. As for Descartes beliefs, I wonder what type of encounters he had in his time with people who had a mental illness..

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  15. This happens ALL THE TIME. Unfortunately, I hate to say it but I don't think it will change anytime soon solely because people have a hard time adjusting to change and educating themselves in ways that benefit both sides of the sitatution. Restraints are harmful on both sides.
    I found an opinion piece by New York Times called "The Modern Asylum" it talks about how we go from institutions, to deinstitutionlizatin, to group homes, to high rates of mentall illness paitients in hospitals, and in prisons/jails as well. The writer discusses how a modern institution would be more "beneficial" in this day in age with our knowledge of how people with mental illness function and their needs and how modern medicine and the right treatments can benefit them. He pretty much describes a modern asylum as being a positive environment for people with mental illness or disabilities. They would be in an environment where people are educated in all areas of expertise regarding mental illness, best ways to de-esculate, and the best treatment for an idividual not for all paitients as a whole.
    While I do agree that this may be beneficial, I don't believe it'll ever happen because people will not be up to par about what a perfect scenario would look like for someone with a mental illness and ways that accomedate their needs. Rather part of society looks at it as how can they accomedate us... "tucking them away in hospitals and jails where they are maltreated but it doesn't matter because they're being taken care of" really I think that's how a lot of people see it.
    Here is the link to the article: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/18/opinion/the-modern-asylum.html

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